In this article, in addition to the description of the current status of various policies and the results of their implementation, the differences between Taiwan's Minimum Energy Performance Standard (MEPS) requirements and those of the U.S. and Japan are also analyzed and presented, and they can be used as an important source for reviewing and improving Taiwan's future product benchmarks and their corresponding implementation schedules.
Table 1 Taiwan's energy efficiency management systems
Name of system |
Minimum Energy Performance Standard (MEPS) |
Energy Efficiency Rating Labeling |
Energy Label program |
Type |
Mandatory |
Mandatory |
Voluntary |
Main objectives and functions |
Prohibition of the importation or sale of products in Taiwan with low energy efficiency or high energy requirements |
To provide consumers with information such as power consumption and energy efficiency ratings for products to facilitate their selection of suitable products |
To provide guidance to the industry in the development and manufacturing of products with high energy efficiency, and to encourage consumers to give preference to products with high energy efficiency via easy-to-recognize labeling patterns. |
Current means of implementation in Taiwan |
The MEPS benchmarks formulated by the Bureau of Energy are incorporated into the Commodity Inspection Act by the Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection (BSMI), MOEA, which is responsible for enforcing MEPS control on behalf of the Bureau of Energy. |
Energy consumption or energy efficiency information of products is required to be included in the labeling, as specified by the Chinese National Standards (CNS) of Taiwan. Currently these requirements have been incorporated into the Commodity Inspection Act and are enforced by the BSMI. |
The benchmarks for the Energy Labels are about 1.1 to 1.5 times the values specified in CNS or MEPS. Alternatively, they can be in the upper 20th to 30th percentile of high energy-efficiency products in the same product category. Manufacturers are encouraged to apply for certification voluntarily. |
Announcement of implementation in Taiwan
Control item |
Mandatory control has been implemented on 27 product categories |
Control has been implemented on 16 product categories |
51 product categories are currently available for certification via voluntary application by manufacturers |
Product characteristics or principles for formulating/revising standards |
The new standards are revised based on the principle of eliminating products in the lower 15th to 30th percentile in terms of energy efficiency |
Product energy efficiency ratings are determined based on the energy efficiency distribution of commercially available products, in coordination with the formulation/revision of MEPS |
Formulation/revision of the benchmarks are carried out by adopting the upper 20th to 30th percentile, in terms of the energy efficiency of products available on the market at the time |
Logo |
Only standards have been developed
No logo available |
|
|
1. Taiwan's Minimum Energy Performance Standard (MEPS)
At present, Taiwan has announced the MEPS requirements for 25 product categories. Refer to table 2 below for the detailed list of products, with automobiles and motorcycles excluded. 21 of the 25 product categories (window-type air conditioners and box air conditioners, refrigerators/freezers, self-ballasted fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps, single-phase induction motors, three-phase induction motors, fluorescent lamps, fluorescent light ballasts, dehumidifiers, LED lamps, Electric Storage Tank Water Heaters, Electric Hot Water Pots, Warm-Hot Drinking Water Dispensers, Chilled-Warm-Hot Drinking Water Dispensers, Chilled-Warm-Hot Water Fountain Machines, Warm-Hot Water Fountain Machines, Water Dispenser supplied by packaged drinking water, Gas Stoves, Instantaneous Gas Water Heaters, Electric Rice Cookers, Air compressors) have been incorporated into the list of items for inspection by the BSMI. However, although low-voltage single-phase induction motors and low-voltage three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors are included in the list of items for inspection, due to the lack of performance testing laboratories for certain motor products and the fact that the majority of these products are subordinate to other imported equipment and systems, control at the border is difficult to enforce. Therefore, currently energy efficiency is not enforced at customs and when BSMI conducts the certification of products within specific series or families of product lines, safety is the main consideration and MEPS control remains excluded from the certification process. In addition, the following three categories of products are not yet included in the list of items for inspection and control: incandescent light bulbs, air conditioning system chillers, and boilers.
Table 2. List of product categories under MEPS control requirements
Category |
MEPS implementation timeframe |
Electrical appliance category |
Residential/Commercial
|
2000/07/01
2003/01/01
2011/01/01
2018/01/01
|
Refrigerator/freezer energy factor numerical standards (Phase I)
Refrigerator/freezer energy factor numerical standards (Phase II)
Refrigerator/freezer energy factor numerical benchmark
Refrigerator/freezer energy factor numerical benchmark |
Lighting
|
2001/01/01
2018/01/01
|
Fluorescent lamp energy efficiency standards
Fluorescent lamp energy efficiency benchmark |
Residential/Commercial
|
2002/01/01
|
Window/box-type air conditioner energy efficiency ratio standard comparison table |
Industrial
|
2002/01/01
|
Low-voltage single-phase inductive motor energy efficiency ratio standards |
Industrial
|
2002/01/01
2015/01/01
2016/07/01
|
Low-voltage three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor energy efficiency standards
Low-voltage three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor energy efficiency benchmark (IE2)
Low-voltage three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor energy efficiency benchmark (IE3) |
Residential/Commercial
|
2003/01/01
2005/01/01
|
Air conditioning system chiller energy efficiency standards (Phase I)
Air conditioning system chiller energy efficiency standards (Phase II) |
Industrial
|
2003/07/01
|
Boiler efficiency standards |
Lighting
|
2009/03/01
|
Fluorescent light ballast luminous efficacy factor benchmark |
Lighting
|
2010/01/01
|
Compact fluorescent lamp energy efficiency benchmark |
Lighting
|
2010/01/01
|
self-ballasted fluorescent lamps |
Residential/Commercial
|
2011/01/01
2016/01/01
|
Ductless air conditioner energy efficiency ratio benchmark (Phase I)
Ductless air conditioner energy efficiency ratio benchmark (CSPF) |
Residential/Commercial
|
2011/01/01
2018/01/01
|
Dehumidifier efficiency standards
Dehumidifier efficiency benchmark |
Lighting
|
2012/01/01
|
Incandescent light bulb energy consumption efficiency standards |
Lighting |
2014/07/01 |
LED lamps |
Residential/Commercial |
2015/01/01 |
Electric Hot Water Pots |
Residential/Commercial |
2015/10/01 |
Electric Storage Tank Water Heaters |
Residential/Commercial |
2016/12/01 |
Warm-Hot Drinking Water Dispensers |
Residential/Commercial |
2016/12/01 |
Chilled-Warm-Hot Drinking Water Dispensers |
Residential/Commercial |
2018/01/01 |
Chilled-Warm-Hot Water Fountain Machines |
Residential/Commercial |
2018/01/01 |
Warm-Hot Water Fountain Machines |
Residential/Commercial |
2020/01/01 |
Water Dispenser supplied by packaged drinking water |
Residential/Commercial |
2020/01/01 |
Electric Rice Cookers |
Industrial |
2021/01/01 |
Air compressors |
2. Taiwan's voluntary Energy Labeling system
(1) Course and content of the program
In order to further emphasize the importance of the efficiency of energy equipment and appliances and to fully implement the recommendations of the National Energy Conference, the Bureau of Energy, MOEA official launched the Energy Label certification mechanism in 2001. It establishes a verification labeling system for domestic energy-saving products, provides guidance to the industry in the manufacturing of products with high energy efficiency, and encourages consumers to purchase energy-saving products. The product categories covered under this system range from products that consume large amounts of energy to home appliances with high market penetration, and they have gradually expanded to transportation, gas-burning devices, office equipment and industrial products. As of March 2019, a total of 51 product categories were eligible for certification through applications by manufacturers. Refer to Table 3 for the product categories available for certification each year since the program was launched. Refer to Table 4 for the product categories with enhanced energy efficiency standards and the corresponding percentages, as specified by the Energy Label, in response to recent technological advances.
Table 3 Product categories available for certification over the years in Taiwan's Energy Label program
Year |
Product category |
2001
|
Air conditioners, refrigerators/freezers, dehumidifiers, dryers |
2002
|
TV sets, washing machines, domestic electric fans, fluorescent lamps (> 32 W) |
2003
|
Fluorescent lamps (< 32W), hair dryers, hand dryers |
2004
|
Warm/hot water dispensers, cold/warm/hot water dispensers |
2005
|
Cold/warm/hot drinking water supply, automobiles (passenger cars, small vans), motorcycles, self-ballasted fluorescent lamps |
2006
|
TFT LCD monitors, gas stoves, instant gas burning water heaters for domestic use, electric rice cookers |
2007
|
Electric pots, exit lights and emergency direction lights, DVD players/recorders |
2008
|
Electric storage tank water heaters, warm/hot drinking water supply, indoor lighting fixtures, audio systems |
2009
|
Compact fluorescent lamps |
2010
|
Photocopiers |
2011
|
Printers, air cleaners, roadway lighting fittings for traffic route, Bathroom ventilation fans, wall-mounted ventilation fans (announced) |
2012 |
Laptops, desktop computers (announcement procedure being carried out), Air Source Heat Pump Water Heater, Range Hoods |
2013 |
Microwave Ovens, Axial flow Fans, Centrifugal fan, Ballast for Fluorescent Lamps, Electric Ovens, Electric Storage Tank Boiling Water Heaters, LED Lamps |
2015 |
LED planar lamp, VFI UPS |
2016 |
High bay Luminaire |
2017 |
Downlights and Recessed luminaires, Office and Business Area Luminaire, Indoor parking lot smart lighting fixtures |
Table 4 Energy Label product categories with improved energy efficiency standards and the corresponding extent of improvement
Year |
Product categories with energy efficiency under review |
Efficiency improvement % |
2008 |
Warm/hot drinking water supply |
36 % |
Automobiles |
15 % |
Motorcycles |
36 % |
2009 |
self-ballasted fluorescent lamps |
16 % |
Air conditioners |
3% - 13% |
Displays (for computers and televisions) |
Standby power consumption reduced by 1.5W - 2W |
Television sets |
Standby power consumption reduced by 1.5W - 2W |
Electric rice cookers |
5 % |
Washing machines |
10 - 30% |
2010 |
Warm/hot water dispensers |
15 % |
Refrigerators/freezers |
14 % |
Dehumidifiers |
20 % |
2011 |
Domestic electric fans |
50 - 100% |
Electric pots |
10 % |
2012 |
Displays |
Standby power consumption reduced by 0.5W, Power on mode reduced 50% |
Televisions |
Hair Dryers |
10% |
2013 |
Warm-Hot Drinking Water Dispensers |
20% |
Chilled-Warm-Hot Drinking Water Dispensers |
20% |
Exit Lights and Emergency Direction Lights |
40%~76% |
Indoor Light Fixtures |
6%~30% |
2014 |
Fluorescence Lamps |
With CNS 691 compliant test ballast:0~4lm/W
With CNS 13755 certified
electronic ballast:4~8lm/W |
Televisions |
15% |
Displays |
30% |
2015 |
Electric Fans |
20%~100% |
Copy machines |
30%~50% |
Printers |
20%~50% |
2016 |
Non-Ducted Air Conditioners |
14%~47% |
Motorcycles |
9.3% |
2017 |
Electric Storage Tank Water Heaters |
13% |
Dehumidifiers |
33%~46% |
Refrigerators |
27%~35% |
Warm-Hot Drinking Water Dispensers |
15% |
Passenger Cars |
20%~25% |
Luminaires for road and street lighting |
11%~79% |
Fluorescence Lamps |
5% |
2018 |
Warm-Hot Water Fountain Machines |
19%~35% |
Chilled-Warm-Hot Water Fountain Machines |
7%~34% |
Televisions |
23% |
Displays |
2019 |
Electric Cookers |
4% |
(2) Outcomes of the Energy Labeling program
As of March 18, 2019, there were 301 manufacturers with 6,649 products effectively certified with the Energy Label. The number of labels employed has broken the 241 million mark. The results of the Energy Labeling program over the past few years are shown in Table 5 below.
Table 5 Outcomes of the Energy Labeling program in recent years
Year
|
Industry contribution |
Participation from the general public |
Energy-saving policy benefits |
Cumulative no. of manufacturers
and no. of product models |
Cumulative no. of visits to the Energy Labeling website |
Additional amount of energy saved annually |
2004
|
30 manufacturers - 337 models
|
42,000
|
10,000 kiloliters of oil equivalent
|
2005
|
42 manufacturers - 475 models
|
72,000
|
9,700 kiloliters of oil equivalent
|
2006
|
81 manufacturers - 975 models
|
430,000
|
37,000 kiloliters of oil equivalent
|
2007
|
106 manufacturers - 1,353 models
|
1.22 million
|
45,000 kiloliters of oil equivalent
|
2008
|
166 manufacturers - 2,590 models
|
3.95 million
|
82,000 kiloliters of oil equivalent
|
2009
|
233 manufacturers - 3,622 models
|
9.35 million
|
91,000 kiloliters of oil equivalent
|
2010
|
287 manufacturers - 4,646 models
|
15.2 million
|
145,000 kiloliters of oil equivalent
|
2011
|
321 manufacturers - 5,340models
|
21.6 million
|
144,000 kiloliters of oil equivalent
|
2012
|
376 manufacturers - 6,363 models
|
32.4 million
|
125,000 kiloliters of oil equivalent
|
2013
|
369 manufacturers - 7,674 models
|
42 million
|
150,000 kiloliters of oil equivalent
|
2014
|
334 manufacturers - 7,106 models
|
50 million
|
156,000 kiloliters of oil equivalent
|
2015
|
313 manufacturers - 7,012 models
|
60.3 million
|
183,000 kiloliters of oil equivalent
|
2016
|
321 manufacturers - 7,016 models
|
73.6 million
|
166,000 kiloliters of oil equivalent
|
2017
|
305 manufacturers - 7,003 models
|
83.4 million
|
170,000 kiloliters of oil equivalent
|
2018
|
290 manufacturers - 6,700 models
|
94.9 million
|
176,000 kiloliters of oil equivalent
|
(3) Taiwan's mandatory energy efficiency rating labeling
a. Course and content of the program: In order to provide stronger support to the government's policies on energy conservation and carbon reduction, the augmented and amended Energy Management Act was promulgated on July 8, 2009. Articles 14 and 15 of the Act authorize the use of energy efficiency rating and labeling for energy-consuming equipment and appliances as well as automobiles and motorcycles and other related measures. On July 1, 2010, the energy efficiency rating labeling for air conditioners, refrigerators, automobiles, and motorcycles came into effect in Taiwan. This provides consumers with useful information when they purchase these products so as to facilitate the market penetration of products with improved energy efficiency. In 2011, dehumidifiers and energy-saving lights were added to the list in March and July, respectively. Product categories to which the energy efficiency rating labeling system applies and the corresponding implementation schedules are shown in Table 6 below.
Table 6 Product categories to which the energy efficiency rating labeling system applies and the corresponding implementation schedules
Product category |
Time of implementation |
Window (wall-type) air conditioner energy efficiency ratio standards |
2010/07
|
Box-type air-conditioner energy efficiency ratio standards |
2010/07
|
Refrigerator/freezer energy factor numerical benchmarks |
2010/07
|
Automobiles (cars and motorcycles) |
2010/07
|
Dehumidifier |
2011/03
|
self-ballasted fluorescent lamps |
2011/07
|
Instantaneous Gas Burning Water Heaters |
2012/07
|
Gas burning cooking appliances |
2012/08
|
Electric Hot Water Pots |
2015/01
|
Electric Storage Tank Water Heaters |
2015/10
|
Non-Ducted Air Conditioners (revised) |
2016/01
|
Warm-Hot Drinking Water Dispensers |
2016/12
|
Chilled-Warm-Hot Drinking Water Dispensers |
2016/12
|
Warm-Hot Water Fountain Machines |
2018/01
|
Chilled-Warm-Hot Water Fountain Machines |
2018/01
|
Dehumidifiers (revised) |
2018/01
|
Refrigerators (revised) |
2018/01
|
Electric Rice Cookers |
2020/01
|
Air compressors |
2021/01
|
b. Outcomes of energy efficiency rating labeling: As of the end of March, 2019, twelve categories of products that have successfully received approval for registration with the energy efficiency rating labeling system include: 7,519 Non-Ducted Air Conditioners models, 807 refrigerator models, 321 dehumidifier models, 2,080 self-ballasted fluorescent lamp models, 7,569 Gas burning cooking appliances models, 5,337 Instantaneous Gas Burning Water Heaters models, 2,286 Electric Storage Tank Water Heaters models, 180 Electric Hot Water Pots models, 156 Warm-Hot Drinking Water Dispensers models, 16 Chilled-Warm-Hot Drinking Water Dispensers models, 374 Warm-Hot Water Fountain Machines models, and 379 Chilled-Warm-Hot Water Fountain Machines models.